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Updated CTFL_Syll_4.0 Valid Test Questions - Pass CTFL_Syll_4.0 Exam

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ISQI ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 Sample Questions (Q23-Q28):

NEW QUESTION # 23
Which of the following statements is true?

A. Black-box test techniques and experience-based test techniques may be applicable to both functional testing and non-functional testing
B. Unlike functional testing, non-functional testing can only be applied to conventional systems, not artificial intelligence-based system
C. Functional testing can be applied to all test levels, while non-functional testing can be applied only to system and acceptance test levels
D. Functional testing focuses on what the system is supposed to do, while white-box testing focuses on how well the system does what it is supposed to do

Answer: A

Explanation:
Both black-box test techniques and experience-based test techniques can be applied to functional and non-functional testing. Functional testing focuses on what the system does, while non-functional testing examines how the system performs. These techniques provide flexible and effective methods for assessing various aspects of the system.
References:
* ISTQB CTFL Syllabus 4.0, Chapter 4.4, page 42: Experience-Based Testing Techniques

NEW QUESTION # 24
Which ONE of the following options MOST ACCURATELY describesbranch testing?

A. In branch testing, the coverage items are executable decisions. The aim is to design test cases that exercise statements in the code until an acceptable level of coverage is achieved. Coverage is expressed as a percentage.
B. In branch testing, the coverage items are executable statements. The aim is to design test cases that exercise statements in the code until an acceptable level of coverage is achieved, expressed as a percentage.
C. In branch testing, the coverage items are control flow transfers between decisions, and the aim is to design test cases to exercise flow transfers in the code until an acceptable level of coverage is achieved.
Coverage is measured as the number of branches exercised by the test cases divided by the total number of branches expressed as a percentage.
D. In branch testing, the coverage items are branches, and the aim is to design test cases to exercise branches in the code until an acceptable level of coverage is achieved. Coverage is measured as thenumber of branches exercised by the test cases divided by the total number of branches expressed as a percentage.

Answer: D

Explanation:
Branch testingis a structural testing technique that ensures eachbranch (decision point)in the control flow is executed at least once. The goal is to measurebranch coverage, which is the number of branches exercised divided by the total number of branches.
* (A) describes statement testing, not branch testing.
* (B) and (D) introduce confusion between decisions and statements, whereas branch testing focuses on control flow branches.
In simple terms,branch testing checks that all possible decision outcomes (true/false) are executed, whereas statement testing only ensures that each line of code is executed.

NEW QUESTION # 25
Test automation allows you to:

A. demonstrate the absence of defects
B. produce tests that are less subject to human errors
C. avoid performing exploratory testing
D. increase test process efficiency by facilitating management of defects

Answer: B

Explanation:
Explanation
Test automation allows you to produce tests that are less subject to human errors, as they can execute predefined test scripts or test cases with consistent inputs, outputs, and expected results. Test automation can also reduce the manual effort and time required to execute repetitive or tedious tests, such as regression tests, performance tests, or data-driven tests. Test automation does not demonstrate the absence of defects, as it can only verify the expected behavior of the system under test, not the unexpected or unknown behavior. Test automation does not avoid performing exploratory testing, as exploratory testing is a valuable technique to discover new information, risks, or defects that are not covered by automated tests. Test automation does not increase test process efficiency by facilitating management of defects, as defect management is a separate activity that involves reporting, tracking, analyzing, and resolving defects, which may or may not be related to automated tests. References: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 sources and documents:
ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 3.3.1, Test Automation1 ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, Test Automation2

NEW QUESTION # 26
Which of the following statements about the shift-left approach is true?

A. Shift-left in testing can be implemented in several ways to find functional defects early in the lifecycle, but it cannot be relied upon to find defects associated with non-functional characteristics
B. Shift-left in testing can be implemented only in Agile/DevOps frameworks, as it relies completely on automated testing activities performed within a continuous integration process
C. Continuous integration supports shift-left in testing as it can reduce the time between the introduction of a defect and its detection, thereby reducing the cost to fix it
D. Performance testing performed during component testing, is a form of shift-left in testing that avoids planning and executing costly end-to-end testing at the system test level in a production-like environment

Answer: C

Explanation:
This answer is correct because shift-left in testing is an approach that aims to perform testing activities as early as possible in the software development lifecycle, in order to find and fix defects faster and cheaper, and to improve the quality of the software product. Continuous integration is a practice that supports shift-left in testing, as it involves integrating and testing the software components frequently, usually several times a day, using automated tools and processes. Continuous integration can reduce the time between the introduction of a defect and its detection, thereby reducing the cost to fix it and the risk of accumulating defects that could affect the functionality or performance of the software product. References: ISTQB Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section 3.1.1.3, Section 3.2.1.3

NEW QUESTION # 27
During component testing of a program if 100% decision coverage is achieved, which of the following coverage criteria is also guaranteed to be 100%?

A. 100% Stale transition coverage
B. 100% Equivalence class coverage
C. 100% Statement coverage
D. 100% Boundary value coverage

Answer: C

Explanation:
Statement coverage is a structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of executable statements in the source code that are executed by a test suite1. Decision coverage is another structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of decision outcomes (such as branches or conditions) in the source code that are executed by a test suite1. Decision coverage is a stronger metric than statement coverage, because it requires that every possible outcome of each decision is tested, while statement coverage only requires that every statement is executed at least once2. Therefore, if a test suite achieves 100% decision coverage, it also implies that it achieves 100% statement coverage, because every statement in every branch or condition must have been executed. However, the converse is not true: 100% statement coverage does not guarantee 100% decision coverage, because some branches or conditions may have multiple outcomes that are not tested by the test suite2. For example, consider the following pseudocode:
if (x > 0) then print("Positive") else print("Non-positive") end if
A test suite that executes this code with x = 1 and x = -1 will achieve 100% statement coverage, because both print statements are executed. However, it will not achieve 100% decision coverage, because the condition x > 0 has only been tested with two outcomes: true and false. The third possible outcome, x = 0, has not been tested by the test suite. Therefore, the test suite may miss a potential bug or error in the condition or the branch.
The other options, such as stale transition coverage, equivalence class coverage, and boundary value coverage, are not guaranteed to be 100% by achieving 100% decision coverage. Stale transition coverage is a structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of transitions between states in a state machine that are executed by a test suite3. Equivalence class coverage is a functional coverage metric that measures the percentage of equivalence classes (or partitions) of input or output values that are tested by a test suite4. Boundary value coverage is another functional coverage metric that measures the percentage of boundary values (or extreme values) of input or output ranges that are tested by a test suite4. These metrics are independent of decision coverage, because they are based on different aspects of the system under test, such as its behavior, functionality, or specification. Therefore, achieving 100% decision coverage does not imply achieving 100% of any of these metrics, and vice versa. Reference = ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Test Coverage in Software Testing - Guru99, Structural Coverage Metrics - MATLAB & Simulink - MathWorks India, Test Design Coverage in Software Testing - GeeksforGeeks.

NEW QUESTION # 28
......

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